Detailed characteristics of human papillomavirus

At the beginning of the last century, the human papillomavirus was mentioned as the reason for the appearance of warts.But later it turned out that it could cause the development of genital cancer in representatives of sexes and throat and rectum carcinomas.Depending on the range of clinical manifestations, doctors managed to distinguish several types of HPV and combine them in a certain system.

Everything you need to know about human papillomavirus

An increasing number of people wonders: HPV infection: What is it?This abbreviation denotes a group of viruses that are common and heterogeneous in structure, capable of affecting the skin and mucous membranes.The infection of this substance occurs from a long period.Then, the warts have been known since the Greeks and the Romans, and about the condylomas of the anogenital region even before.The PCR could even distinguish the DNA of HPV type 18 of the type of mummy of María Aragón (16th century).And only at the beginning of the 21st century had the opportunity to influence the spread of a pathogen.

CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES

There are several opinions about the number of HPV types.It has been officially established that the group includes more than 170 strains.They meet 5 genres, and around 130 agents are described in detail and study.But scientists already know almost 600 types found in humans.

For the first time, HPV, as a single species was recorded in 1971. To date, knowledge about it has been enriched a lot, which served as an impulse for the creation of a classification, which reflects not only the species, but also the gender to which the strain belongs.In practice, this is of great importance, since it helps to determine the clinical manifestations and the form of the course of the infection.

The types of viruses are identified according to the following criteria:

• transmission method;
• objectives (skin or mucous membranes);
• diseases that develop due to infection;
• Degree of oncogenicity.

The classification due to the degree of carcinogenicity is necessary to prevent the consequences associated with the development of cancer.

HPV types:

• Forms of low risk 6, 12, 14, 42-44;
• Average risk: Types 31, 35, 51;
• High risk - 16, 18, 45, 56, 58, 59.

This classification allows you to clearly evaluate the degree of risk and develop an adequate treatment strategy.

The most dangerous strains

It is demonstrated that HPV can cause the growth of dermis and lead to the formation of benign formations on the face, neck, back, stomach, each of which looks like a wart, papilloma, vehicle dysplasia.But the high pathogen in the vast majority of cases causes the development of oncology in both men and women.The virus is mainly transmitted sexually, and barrier contraceptives cannot provide 100% protection against their penetration.

The following strains are considered the most dangerous:

• Condylomatosis (the appearance of pointed growth) - 6, 42.
• Small flat formations formed on the walls of the vagina and the cervical channel - 30, 33, 42, 43, 55, 57, 64, 67.
• The cervical carcinoma of the uterus is 31, 35, 39, 54, 66. The most dangerous is HPV of type 16 and 18.

It is important to know!Even after identifying the type of virus, it should not panic, since the most malicious strains for a long time can be in a state of "sleep."Therefore, from infection to the formation of cervical cancer, the decades can pass for decades.

The penetration of the virus into the body

Papillomavirus is considered extremely contagious, and each type can be transmitted by a certain method.

The main options to penetrate the pathogen in the body of the "victim" are the following:

1. In sexual contact with the carrier of the virus.The most common form of infection.The danger is a traditional version and another of relationships.Since the size of the pathogen is much smaller than the diameter of the condom pore, the contraceptive cannot provide 100%protection.
2. A type of vertical infection implies the transfer of the virus to the mother to the child in the delivery process.An agent that is not market can cause the appearance of a newborn laryngeal papillomatosis in a newborn, that is, the formation of growth in the membranes and mouth mouth, and less frequently in the genitals.
3. The contact contact method to transmit infection is also considered common.Some strains differ in survival, so they can maintain their activity in a humid environment.When visiting Saunas, swimming pools, bathrooms, with the use of personal hygiene items, the risk of infection is growing, especially if there are discreet microwaves in the skin.
4. Autoinoculation or self -expansion can occur with an accidental transfer of a living virus cell from a damaged area to healthy skin parts during shaving, hair removal and simply not complementing hygienic rules.

It is important to know!The causal agent of the high carcinogenic risk is mainly transmitted sexually, and barrier contraceptives do not guarantee complete protection against infection.This is not only due to the small size of the virus, but also for its location on the surface of the dermis, not covered with a condom.

The reasons for the progression of papillomatosis

Regardless of the degree of oncogenicity, HPV is treacherous, that is, it is able to live in the human body, without being shown in any way.Depending on the state of the immune system, the incubation period can last 2 to 3 weeks to several tens of years.Therefore, people who do not have external signs do not even suspect an infectious agent in their body.

Fast propagation does not begin immediately, but only in favorable conditions, namely, the weakening of the protection mechanism, which occurs at the bottom of the following factors:

• Stress, excess work;
• Scarce and monotonous nutrition;
• hormonal violations;
• Bad habits: smoking tobacco and alcohol;
• frequent abortions, complications after childbirth;
• Inflammatory and infectious diseases of the genitourinary system;
• IPPP, including AIDS, HIV, Herpes;
• chronic diseases in the exacerbation stage;
• The pregnancy period.

The risk group is mainly of the fairest sex.The probability of increasing infection in people of reproductive age from 20 to 45 years, which leads active sexual life.

Symptoms at different stages

Papillomavirus infection can be pronounced or filtered latent or subclinical.The symptomatic manifestations of the disease are variable, due to the type of HPV, its danger.The hidden course of the disease is characterized by the absence of signs.

External signs:

• Papillomas;
• flat and vulgar warts;
• Sharmed Condilomas.

Forms that are not visible during the external inspection:

• discosatosis;
• coilocytosis;
• epithelium dysplasia.

Relapses in the context of papillomavirus appear in the form of such pathologies:

• Discosatosis with mild epithelial changes;
• Actually dysplasia;
• cancer tumor;
• Flat cell carcinoma.

It is important to know!In the case of virus damage to non -infogante nature, wart formation is possible, located in palms, legs of the legs.In the absence of cosmetic discomfort, there are no indications for elimination.

In a woman, a fever, chills, itching, an increase in temperature and vaginal secretion develops during an exacerbation.

More about the consequences

The type and severity of HPV infection are determined by the activity of the pathogen and its type.With the genotype of high oncogenic risk, prolonged replication helps increase the number of cellular structures with the mutation of the genome.

In the context of bacterial vaginosis, the transformation of the cervical epithelium, as well as a series of other pathological processes that occur in the body, the risk of a precacert stage or the development of a malignant tumor increases.

The latter include the following states.

1. Cervical cancer.The second disease after cancer of the mammary gland in women.More than 70% of all cases are caused by the activity of type 16 and 18 of HPV.
2. Carcinoma of the vagina and the vulva.In the structure of the Oncopathologies of the anogenital region, it occupies a leading place.Each tenth case is caused by an oncogenic low strain of 6 or 11, and one third of all diseases is caused by virus 16 and 18.
3. Anal cancer.It is mainly detected in women, but it is also recorded in homosexual men who practice the method of unconventional relationships, although doctors do not exclude another way of transmitting infection.The cause of oncopatology is the activity of HPV 18 and 16.

Of course, this is not a sentence, but in relation to these data, the need for careful gynecological and cancer diagnosis is increasing.A comprehensive exam allows in the early stages to identify structural changes in cells and tissues, which with human papilloma helps determine how to treat it correctly.

Diagnostic procedures

As already mentioned, diagnostic measures play an important role in damage to HPV infection.

The modern exam is carried out with special attention and includes several procedures:

1. The main consultation includes a visual inspection to identify external signs (warts, papillomas).If the growth is found in the urogenital region, the doctor directs the patient for an additional examination of the cervix or urethroscopy.
2. Potato test or cytological examination with a smear according to the Pap -Loulau method.According to the results that are divided into classes, the doctor determines the risks of the infectious process.Then, the first and second grade indicates the normal state of the tissues, 3 - The beginning of the pathological changes, the 4th and 5th grade characterizes the presence of cancer cells.
3. Kolposcopy.It is carried out in the case of dysplastic changes in cervical tissues.Acetic acid test is prescribed to clarify the papillomavirus activity.A positive result is manifested in the form of a mosaic pattern on the surface of the epithelium.
4. Histology.The study of the sample of the affected tissue is carried out if it is necessary to study cells and pathological changes that occur in them.During the procedure, you can identify epithelial structures of especially large sizes.
5. PCR.The most common and highly informative test.Using the polymerase chain reaction, it is possible to perform the typification, determine the degree of oncogenicity, the maximum concentration in the blood.
6. Digene test.The modern innovative research method allows you to clarify the existing results and determine the probability of training of cancer education.

In relation to men, the same diagnostic tactics are carried out.After a visual inspection, it goes to the tests.Only in accordance with the exam results, the specialist can evaluate the complexity of the clinical case and prescribe adequate treatment.

Treatment approaches

Today, there are no medications that can completely and forever viral infection in the body.If the autoalteo has not occurred, then the most promising is the comprehensive combined approach.HPCH treatment implies the surgical elimination of papillomas or warts in the context of systemic therapy with medications, means of homeopathy, the popular method.There are several options for the destruction of growth.

Surgical radioWith a special knife, the formation is removed, after which coagulation occurs and a bandage is applied.

Laser.A form without blood and painless.In the place of elimination, there is a crust under which the healing process proceeds.The disadvantage is the appearance of scars.

Electrocoagulation.The procedure is largely similar to the previous two in terms of effective effectiveness, cost and exposure.

Cryodructure.Growth processing of any type of liquid nitrogen.After freezing, they are rejected by the skin.Price available, lack of blood, scars makes this method the most attractive.

Surgical split.It is carried out extremely rare, only according to the indications in case of suspicion of the probability of developing oncology.The growths are removed with the help of a scalpel.

The systemic treatment of the papilloma virus allows us to strengthen immunity, reduce the concentration of agent's DNA in the blood and prevent the development of malignant processes.

To this end, he names pills:

• immunomodulators;
• antiviral agents;
• Cytostatics.

The duration of the course treatment is 10-14 days.If there is a permanent sexual couple, it is necessary to persuade it to undergo an exam and begin the therapy.Nor should you get rid of the growth yourself.

Preventive measures

Since human papilloma extends easily among people of all ages, there is no guaranteed way to protect it from penetration.According to patient reviews, vaccination is a reliable option to prevent infection.

Modern medicine as a prevention offers special sera.The medications occur in suspension form, in disposable syringes, which facilitates the introduction of the vaccine and minimizes the risks of infection.Girls and boys from 9 to 14 years old, as well as young women under 26, are subject to immunization.The sera are well tolerated by the body.

Vaccination is carried out for preventive purposes and cannot act as a medicine.

To minimize the risk of infection, it is necessary to adhere to simple recommendations.

• Carefully monitor personal hygiene;
• get rid of bad habits;
• Strengthen immunity, practice sports;
• Practice only safe sex, avoid random ties;
• Carefully address the choice of the sexual couple;
• Subjected to a projection of a gynecologist, a veneraologist.

A serious attitude towards your health will help avoid infection, and in the case of virus penetration, to reduce the probability of its spread.

Conclusion

HPV is the most common infection option from which no person can protect themselves.To avoid the activation of the virus, it is necessary to observe the prevention measures and reduce the risk of oncology to experience examinations planned in time and consult with specialists.